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from quoraT. Barczuk
Studied at Gdansk University of Technology
When the meteor caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, why didn’t the ones that lived far away from the meteor’s impact survive?When the meteor the size of Manhattan hit the Earth, it was a global disaster that caused even the animals that lived far away from the impact to perish in a cruel death that for the lucky ones was quick but for others, it caused ruinous wastage to their bodies and populations for years, before it finally, mercilessly wiped them out. This includes non-avian dinosaurs that were eventually exterminated for eternity.</p>
- The impact took place in the North Yucatan Peninsula in Central America and caused a dire mega-tsunami 100 m/330 feet tall. It might have been even more shocking at 1.5 km/5000 feet high in the immediate vicinity. Let’s not forget that the Pangea supercontinent split about 100 million years before these events and all continents were closer together at the time. They have been migrating for additional 66 million years away from each other since then, to where they are now.
- The sedimentation rates of charcoal from the time of the impact revealed that it was so deadly that it caused a global firestorm that burned every tree, bush or even twig on the whole planet. This scorching was caused by small blobs of vaporized rocks that were ejected into space after the impact and reentered the atmosphere, which caused the air to heat up from the friction with them. The amounts of these grain-sized pieces of rocky droplets were such that they ignited everything flammable on the whole planet and ruthlessly burned what was exposed. These cataclysmic oven-like conditions lasted for a few hours and literally boiled, cooked or roasted doomed and terrified animals, while they were still conscious and in a frenzy, running for their lives in panic. For almost all, there was no escape. They couldn’t get shelter from the permeative, fiery destruction that was to them the end of their world. Scientists compared it to detonations of small nuclear warheads on the whole cursed surface of the Earth every 6 km/4 miles apart.
- These seething temperatures blazed flammable materials all around the planet and released colossal amounts of soot in addition to what was discharged near ground zero by the impact itself. The area, where the comet hit had sulfur-rich gypsum that vaporized. Together with oceanic water near the Yucatan peninsula, it caused toxic acid rain.
- All the soot and dust shaded the planet from the Sun and resulted in draining nuclear winter-like conditions for several years or even for up to a decade. The temperature dropped by about 13 C/55 F within the first 20 days but rebounded by about 6 C/30 F later. These freezing and lethal conditions coated about a third of the forsaken northern hemisphere in ice.
- A mega-earthquake up to 11 on the Richter scale caused the armageddon-like destruction near the site of where the comet fell.
- The impact was so forceful that it might have induced volcanism on the directly opposite side of the globe. This happens to be the location of where the Indian Subcontinent was at the time on its migration route north, where it would later hit Asia and cause the Himalayas to form. The Deccan Traps might have exploded and produced an additional pulse of draconian stress to the remaining forms of life that managed to barely make it through earlier. This volcanism again released immeasurable amounts of noxious gas and soot and amplified the nuclear winter-like conditions that delivered the final blow to many damned organisms that finally succumbed to their relentlessly looming fate.
It took millions of years for the Earth to recover from all this calamity. When everything settled and calmed down, our brutally wrecked world changed forever. The conditions were set for the mammals to take over the planet because the non-avian dinosaurs were no more.
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from quora: Amy Christa Ernano
What actor or actress added their own take on a scene so well that it was kept in the movie or TV series?This iconic line, spoken by police chief Martin Brody (Roy Scheider) when the giant shark finally makes an appearance in Jaws, was not in the script. Scheider ad-libbed it based on an in-joke among the cast and crew.
The barge rented by producers Richard Zanuck and David Brown to hold the equipment and craft services during filming of the ocean scenes — promptly nicknamed the “USS Garage Sale” — was notoriously small and had only one undersized support boat to help hold it steady, meaning it was constantly rocking and bobbing, leaving cast and crew in fear it would capsize.
Subsequently, “you’re gonna need a bigger boat” became shorthand among the cast and crew anytime something went wrong on set (which happened often; the Jaws shoot was among the most infamously fraught with problems in movie history).
Robert Mays@robertmaysMain takeaway from 2 days at Rams camp: The staff here is in love with Allen Robinson. From his approach in meetings to what he can give them in this offense. His route tree and where he can line up are more varied than they’d even hoped. Potential monster year incoming..Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigueI try to avoid big takes of this time of year, but just had to talk at length to Robert about this when we recorded an episode of The Athletic Football Show after practice yesterday, which comes out tomorrow Robinson is already special in the minds of these guys..You can see that chemistry building between Stafford and Robinson in the red zone. They’ve tried a few different placements through their first live week together. Fun to watch, tbh.
.Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigueQB John Wolford just put together a nice series in team drills in the phase where the Rams run the twos against the ones (as noted previously). Highlight was a thread over the middle to Blanton, who made a really nice catch with a small workspace to do it. He’ll be a good TE2.Biggest celebration of the day: Rookie CB Derion Kendrick breaks up a would-be TD catch in the end zone, target was Allen Robinson – and Jalen Ramsey (play sheet in hand) called the defense’s shot to the sideline ref just before the snap, too. Kendrick having a heck of a start..Which players are expected to take a big leap this year?
Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigue
My opinion: Shelton. Funk (special teams). Van. Akers. Lewis/Garrett combo. Hoecht and Copeland. Ernest.Can you spot a difference already with the 1st team defense with Bobby Wagner in the middle of it.
Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigue
It probably doesn’t feel this way to the QB but players described him to me as “creating a pocket of zen” in middle of the field and when they have that they can flow a bit freer in orbit. Super savvy in run fit installs. LBs seem to be doing more/not just reacting to frontHow are the DE’s looking so far?
Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigue
Fast, even in some of this light install. Floyd is in his happy place. Hollins has something to prove. Garrett and Lewis clearly have developed. Eager to see how the young guys, especially Hardy and Whitley. Hard rotation to crack this year but they are very twitchyIs tutu still progressing in camp, saw he gained some muscle, how’s it looking from year 1 to year 2
Jourdan Rodrigue@JourdanRodrigue
He’s got a (McVay voice) good way about himself this year in terms of seeming focused on improving. Remember, this is all crucial time he missed last year. Interested to see how he fares when catches/coverage get more physical.
