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  • in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75563
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Well BT, the ‘right’ fears the US Government much more than they fear
    crazy-people-with-automatic-weapons.

    I think thats the bottom line with themz on the Right.

    w
    v

    Agreed. I think that’s the heart of the issue.

    They fear certain parts of the government. Not all of it, of course. Just the parts they see as threatening their own “freedoms.” They’ve always been fine with Big Gubmint stomping all over people of color, doing mass incarceration, shutting down antiwar voices, Occupy, unions, leftists in general. They actually root hard for that. They also root for Big Gubmint when it comes to immigrants, borders, wars, empire and capitalism. And as I’ve mentioned — probably too often — the real irony in their love of capitalism is that their system of choice requires massive government, or the system dies.

    Anyway . . . yeah, that’s their fear. But I don’t think it’s unreasonable to say that governments can’t make public policy just to assuage the fears of fringe movements, especially when they radically increase death and destruction in the process. They have to make public policy that improves and protects the lives of all citizens.

    The lack of sensible gun control endangers all of us. It’s literally killing us with its irrational permissiveness.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75525
    Billy_T
    Participant

    A rightwing response to Kimmel:

    WV,

    I didn’t hear a single truth escape from Shapiro’s mouth. Not one. Not one of his criticisms of Kimmel was true. And I always find it utterly laughable when right-wingers claim “the left” is attacking the right solely on issues of “intent” or “motives.” Anyone who has spent any time online, arguing against folks on the right, knows at best, on their best day, the right does that at least as much. My own experience is that they do it far more, are more hysterical about it, and more vicious. On balance, “the left” is far more measured and more likely to discuss the issues, instead of the person.

    But the most important lie he delivers is to say no regulation could have prevented this. I list several above that would have saved most, if not all of the people who died, and most, if not all the gun shot injuries. And none of that would run afoul of an actual objective reading of the 2nd Amendment, which people like Shapiro can’t do. They can only do the usual right-wing revisionist reading. A great example of this is their bizarre insistence that the founders wanted everyone to have “military grade weaponry” and that this somehow is future-proofed to include all new technological improvements.

    First of all, there is NOTHING in the amendment that remotely points to that fantasy, and second, the difference between “civilian” and “military grade” in the 1780s was non-existent. It was all single-shot, load powder and ball one at a time. Maybe, if you were super fast, you could get off two or three shots a minute, and it made no difference if you were a hunter or a soldier. Same weaponry.

    In short, he’s full of shit.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75524
    Billy_T
    Participant

    BTW: did anyone watch Jimmy Kimmel’s moving address to this issue?

    =============

    ====
    w
    v

    I watched it, WV. Kimmel has been really good, in relative terms, on social issues lately. He’s showing a lot of guts. Anyone who talks about gun control in public is doing that, because they likely will receive death threats.

    IMO, people who publicly advocate for strict gun control are heroes, at least when it comes to that issue. Not only is it the sane, rational and logical thing to do, they may be risking life and limb by doing it.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75523
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Waterfield,

    Interesting idea. I was listening to NPR this evening, on my way toward some communing with Nature and reading — we have a pretty cool new arboretum nearby — and I heard some interviews of gun-rights folks in the Vegas area. Most of what they said made me want to punch a hole through the roof of my car, but in retrospect, one of the more “moderate” interviewees had an interesting comment along the lines you raise.

    He talked about the rush people get by firing those automatic weapons, and he basically, kinda sorta, suggested the reporter should do so. Again, I’m thinking about punching a hole through my car roof as he’s saying this. I’m saying to myself, your blankety blank pleasure in firing those guns isn’t worth one single life, and that IS the trade off in existence. No one’s “freedom” to blow up shit is worth a single life. Not one. Not even one single injury. It’s the height of extremism and selfishness to put your pleasure above other lives.

    But . . . hmmm. Not that they would agree to this, cuz the vast majority of gun-rights folks are absolutists and won’t budge an inch. But if they’d trade their guns for the ability to rent ’em and use ’em in one spot, in a shooting range, etc. etc. . . . I could go with that. Make them illegal to own, to have in one’s possession, except in designated, licensed places ONLY, and maybe there’s some room for compromise.

    But if they say no, then I think the only answer is to match their absolutism with our own. Ban all bullets.

    That, as mentioned, goes beyond the issue of militias. Even if you remove that clause, there is still no “right” to a loaded weapon, or bullets, or firing of those weapons. All it says, with or without the militia clause, is “keep and bear arms.”

    Not a word there about ammo or actually using the weapons. Not even implied.

    Hope all is well, W.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75507
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Here’s a video on how easy it is to make semi-automatic into automatic through a “bump stock”. The bump stock is perfectly legal by the way.

    http://money.cnn.com/video/news/2013/09/11/n-rifle-machine-gun-slide-fire.cnnmoney/index.html

    Which is why it’s not even enough to try to limit the kinds of semi-automatics we allow via number of rounds. For the Dems, this is usually 10.

    To me, that’s just insane. Make them ALL illegal. Dial back the capacity of weaponry to six shots, max, which must be loaded by hand, one bullet at a time. The reason why ANY kind of semi makes mass shooting easy is because you can slam in a magazine in seconds and start firing again.

    Gun nuts want zero restrictions on that or numbers of rounds. Dems counter with limiting the rounds. Both are dead wrong.

    Just limit all legal weaponry to internal chambers only. Problem solved. You can’t gerry-rig that to fire automatically. It’s internal chambers only.

    Just flat out make it illegal to have detachable ammo containers of any kind, regardless of rounds.

    One’s “self-defense” is kept in place. “Keep and bear arms” is kept in place. But you save lives.

    I honestly don’t see how anyone could argue against that, or for the need for more firepower and capacity.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75500
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Another major point here: Even Republicans in Congress accept that we can ban automatic weapons. Right off the bat, that blows anyone’s argument that gun rights are absolute and we can’t regulate them. The ban on automatic weaponry blows that insane idea out of the water. It sets a limit. So the issue starts out with regulations already in place, and it’s just a question of WHERE we draw the line.

    If it can be drawn at automatic weaponry, it can be drawn at detachable ammo containers. It can be drawn at six bullets max per gun, with hand-loading, one at a time, being necessary. It can be drawn at limiting range, and quantity, and lethality. It can be drawn at no armor piercing bullets, etc.

    Get folks to the table for compromise on this by being every bit as maximalist as the gun nuts. You want to stick with your absolutism? We have an answer. We ban ALL bullets. Want to get some of those bullets back? Come to the table and negotiate in good faith.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75498
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Listening to various Republicans talk about why we can’t prevent this drives me up a wall. Their slavish devotion to a radically stupid interpretation of the 2nd Amendment — an archaic, totally unnecessary “right”, set up to protect the state FROM American citizens, especially slaves — is the true “anti-American” position.

    By definition, we could stop this carnage. No rational human being can make a legitimate argument that we can’t.

    The gunman purchased 47 weapons, legally — that we know of so far. Most had rapid fire capabilities, and long range. He killed dozens of people and wounded more than 500 BECAUSE he could shoot rapidly and from far away. By definition, if you make that impossible, he can’t do that.

    Ban all weaponry with detachable ammo. Max out the firepower of weaponry at a six-shooter, with internal chambers only. No possibility to slap in dozens of rounds in one motion, in seconds. Force the shooter to reload by hand, one bullet at a time, and stop the manufacture, sale, import, export, trade, exchange, gifting, etc. etc. of long-range weaponry. There is no justification, via self-defense, or hunting, for long-range capabilities, or rapid-fire capabilities, and the 2nd Amendment doesn’t protect them. It only protects “keep and bear arms” if you’re in a state militia, which also means bullets have no Constitutional protections, either. Or usage of any weapon.

    It’s not in that amendment. Nothing about bullets or actually using the weapon. And if someone says, “Well, that’s all assumed.” No, it’s not. It was assumed at the time that people would load their single-shot weapons when needed. They didn’t walk around with them loaded. And “bear arms” means “present arms.” It says noting about actually firing them.

    Almost no one is talking this, but the 2nd amendment is actually toothless. It can EASILY be bypassed via several routes, the most devastating one, at least for gun fanatics, is the one about bullets. We could literally ban every bullet on the market and we’d still adhere to the 2nd amendment, even if we throw out the part about militias.

    It’s time to attack this insanity from that and so many other angles. It’s time to end this carnage.

    in reply to: Heartbroken for Los Vegas #75402
    Billy_T
    Participant

    From Sandy Hook to Los Vegas: I grieve.

    I’m more than heart-broken, TSRF. I’m outraged. And in my view, the blood of the dead is on the hands of anyone who fights against gun control — from either party. Strict gun control. They are indirectly responsible for all 59 deaths and everyone injured. And I don’t give a shit about anyone saying it’s not time to talk about guns. It’s ALWAYS time to talk about our insane laws, or lack thereof, that make this possible.

    The Second Amendment doesn’t protect anyone’s right to slaughter Americans. If it did, then that’s all the more reason to end it. There is no Second Amendment protection for buying unlimited weapons, with unlimited firepower, world without end. All that amendment says is that if you’re in a state militia — which no longer exist — you can keep and bear arms. It doesn’t protect bullets, or using arms. Just keeping and bearing them, and bearing them meant presenting them at the time in military processions.

    We can do serious gun control under the SA, now. The ONLY thing standing in our way are right-wing, anti-American, hate-filled, gun fanatic cretins who only care about their own gun fetishism and their own desire to compensate. There are zero legal obstacles to serious gun control, and that would include banning any kind of weapon we want to. As long as we leave just ONE kind of gun on the market, we fulfill the “keep and bear arms” part of the SA. And since the amendment offers NO protection for bullets, or usage of guns, we could also ban the thing that makes them usable.

    My own suggestions for saving tens of thousands of lives each year are the following:

    1. Test, license and register all guns/gun owners. Just like car and driver. Retest them yearly.
    2. Ban all detachable ammo containers. Ban the parts. Ban all guns that can use them. Ban all magazines, clips, etc.
    3. Limit guns to internal chambers only. Must hand load bullets, one at a time. Limit of six chambers per gun.
    4. Universal background checks. No exceptions
    5. Smart gun tech. Required on all guns.
    6. Mass, nationwide gun buyback program. Melt them down.
    7. End the ban on government studies of gun violence. Establish permanent departments for year-round study in the CDC, HHS and NIH, completely independent from partisan interference.
    8. Push Hollywood to stop glorifying guns and gun violence. If they don’t voluntarily change, establish restrictions via ratings and taxation. Make it very, very expensive for Hollywood to continue depicting slaughter if it’s gratuitous and romanticizes violence.
    9. End conceal carry laws in all states through a federal override. End all open carry laws through a federal override. End all “stand your ground” laws through a federal override.
    10. Educate American kids that gun ownership radically increases the risk of death, in the home and on the street.

    For starters.

    in reply to: Why do whites oppose the NFL protests? #75259
    Billy_T
    Participant

    So, yeah, when is it okay to protest social injustice? For far too many white Americans, “never” is their answer. “Shut up and clap louder!” is what they want Americans to do.

    Fuck that.

    in reply to: Why do whites oppose the NFL protests? #75258
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Thanks, ZN.

    That article is spot on. Direct, to the point, and spot on.

    I think it’s rather stunning how the political right has managed to spin this and redirect the narrative their way.

    Boiled down, the political right can trash certain Americans up and down, back and forth, morning, noon and night, and it’s not, supposedly, “an attack on America.”

    They can say the most disgusting, vile, heinous things about people of color, leftists, feminists, environmentalists, antiwar activists, union activists, gay people, etc. etc. . . . harass them, oppress them physically, discriminate against them, lie about them, demonize them and worse, say they’re destroying America, blame them for every bad thing that has ever happened . . . and that’s apparently not an “attack on America.”

    But a black athlete, speaking out against social injustice? That’s an “attack on America”?

    America has lost it’s fucking mind. And that article reminds us, this insanity goes back to Day One.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75236
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Have you read any good books lately?

    Oryx and Crake.

    .

    Have not read that. Read her Handmaid’s Tale, which I loved — (Have not seen Hulu show).

    Recently finished rereading Dr. Zhivago, via a new(er) translation. Impressed once again with Pasternak’s vision. But the book is uneven. It doesn’t all work for me, and I think he needed a stronger editor, telling him, maybe cut a few characters and scenes. Tighten it up. But there are moments of true genius in the work, and on balance, well worth reading. David Lean’s great movie sticks with it for the most part, but veers away in some parts. The ending is quite different, more “romantic” in the movie, for instance.

    Also finished Happy Moscow, by the great and unfairly neglected Andrei Platonov. Liked it, but it’s not as good as his Soul or the even greater The Foundation Pit. Just a one of a kind writer, a true genius, IMO. Mixes the surreal with Dada, plus all kinds of whimsical non-sequiturs that make you smile. All with an undercurrent of stoic tragic sense of life.

    Kind of like, Boris Vian meets Samuel Beckett meets Kafka, within the context of the early Soviet State. If you haven’t read him, I’d recommend The Foundation Pit as starting point.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75228
    Billy_T
    Participant

    I think you always have. I don’t believe in “historical inevitability/necessity” and I’ve mentioned that several times.

    And that is not what I said BT. Or anything like it.

    You’re misreading as much as you seem to conclude I am.

    People misread all the time. It’s the net, it happens. It’s part of the net. You’re doing it now, in what I quote. It’s not something we take umbrage at, or get personal about. People either straighten it out assuming good faith, or they drop the subject.

    Okay,

    So we’re both really messing up!!

    ;>)

    Let’s start over, then.

    Have you read any good books lately?

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75226
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Well, it looks like I posted before you altered your own.

    Yeah, I can easily assume no malice. But if I think you’re misreading me, even with all the best intentions in the world, don’t you think it makes sense to correct the record?

    Again, I don’t see that we’re far apart on “history” at all. I do think we’re far apart on what “socialism(s)” mean, etc. And how certain theories can function within an enemy camp. I just don’t see it working — again, historically, practically, pragmatically.

    Am I glad to see aspects of it fighting for their space within the greater neoliberal framework? Definitely. That’s why I’d greatly prefer Sanders to any of the current folks running. And why I’d prefer European social democracy even to Sanders, whom I see as being a bit to the right of European versions.

    But I want the whole thing, and I don’t think it can ever come close to doing what it’s supposed to do, as long as it only has fractions of a partial space to work with.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 1 month ago by Billy_T.
    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75223
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Basically, you completely miss that I AM talking about pragmatics, practical matters, in context, and how things function with other competing factions, views, policies, programs, etc. etc. historically.

    Not the same way I do. You have a tight view of historical logic, one that can lead to rational deductions. I just don’t think that way, like at all. The only thing in common there is the word “history,” which then in each of our cases means something completely different. When I say “history” I do not mean the same thing you do. For me history is not something that produces a logic and a pattern that can support rational deductions about what will work in the future that way.

    And…this isn’t me “arguing.” Just talking about how I see things. There’s really nothing there to take umbrage at. Or if it were an argument there would never be a “winner.” Just 2 people comparing how differently they see things.

    I don’t see history that way, either. Again, you misread me. I think you always have. I don’t believe in “historical inevitability/necessity” and I’ve mentioned that several times.

    Ironically, I argue against the folks who say, “See, Socialism was tried in the USSR, and look what happend!! It must always fail, wherever it’s tried.” Ironically, they’re the real believers in historical necessity. I, on the other hand, think that context is everything, and that an attempt at actual socialisms in, say, America right now, couldn’t possibly result in the same kind of society as Russia after 1917. And that’s even if I accept their premise that Russia DID try socialisms back then, and I don’t. Not in any way, shape or form.

    Contrary to your misunderstanding of my views, I see historical changes as contingent — I’ve read my Rorty too — and I think that’s just common sense. Different environment, different inputs, different human beings, different concatenation of events, are always going to lead to different results.

    Seriously, I have no idea where you got the impression that I have this strict view of historical necessity. I’ve demonstrated that I don’t for years and years, so the only thing that makes sense to me is that you’ve been skimming what I’ve read — including follow ups like this.

    Not that you owe me your undivided attention here, ever. Not saying that. But I wish you’d accept my word for my own vision of things, and it strikes me you just dismiss that.

    Beyond all of that, I’d be interested in going back to the original discussion. Why do you think “socialisms” have been tried or even exist today? I still think we’re not seeing socialisms in the same way at all.

    More irony: I think our view of history is similar.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75220
    Billy_T
    Participant

    “Socialisms” require, simply due to cause and effect, a certain measure of space to be what they are, and without that space and the absence of conflicting factors, they’re just not “effective” to the degree they can be — if at all.

    Well on that I don’t agree though I certainly recognize it’s one of the positions in the “many positions on this” universe I was alluding to.

    As a rule you will find that I will always be at least somewhat against the idea that reason can sit here and predetermine in advance what is best and what isn’t. That’s why I always add that history is messy. I always side with the historians over the philosophers. I don’t believe in the validity of just deducing “correct concepts.” I’ve said that many times here in fact. It’s just quite simply an inveterate part of how I see things.

    And history also tells us that there are philosopher’s who are dedicated to deductive reasoning from and and about pure concepts that way. So if I am going to say it’s a big world with lots of disparate views one this, that is certainly one of them.

    But I always vote on the side of pragmatic open-endedness when it comes to that. I will always see the act of reason deducing things from pure concepts as something I just cannot endorse or accept.

    That’s just who I am when it comes to these things.

    Just my take from what you’ve written above: I think it’s another case of you not really reading what I’ve said. It comes across to me, at least, as a quick response after skimming, not a response after fully engaging with my post.

    Basically, you completely miss that I AM talking about pragmatics, practical matters, in context, and how things function with other competing factions, views, policies, programs, etc. etc. historically.

    This isn’t “predictive” for me. This is based on the observation of historical periods and the study thereof, and simple common sense. I tried to impart that by way of those analogies, which I think were pretty good. But I have a feeling you didn’t read them.

    For socialisms to be effective — history demonstrates — they have to be able to hold the floor enough to enact at least the basics. If there are only aspects of socialism, within a counteracting environment of capitalism, which concentrates wealth, income, access and power at the top, it’s just not going to work as planned or hoped for. And THE most fundamentally important pillar of socialism is the replacement of the capitalist system with a democratized, cooperative, egalitarian economy.

    Socialisms are fundamentally egalitarian and call for egalitarian results. If other forces knock down those structures and prevent egalitarian results, there is simply no way to say socialisms have had a fair chance to do their thing. Too many opposing forces are in play.

    That’s been the history, and we see that playing out in Venezuela, for instance, right now. Not only inside that nation, but because of external, international pressures to prevent egalitarian options and results from ever starting up.

    In short, I’m talking about pragmatics, cause and effect, common sense, the observation of what actually happens due to opposing political forces and ideologies, AND the study of this through history. I think you’re trying to reduce my view to a very narrow frame that doesn’t really fit.

    Regardless, hope all is well and that you enjoy the weekend.

    in reply to: a few moments from court today…. #75174
    Billy_T
    Participant

    WV,

    I really like your posts when you talk about your own experiences. I wish you’d do more of them. Your video links are cool, too. But I can find most (but not all) of that stuff anywhere.

    There’s only one WV, though. One Nittany, _X_, PA Ram, ZN, TSRF, Zooey, Jack, Dak, Mac, etc. etc.

    Along the lines of the above post. I’d highly recommend this movie, The Headless Woman. It shows the trap of the poor like few other films I’ve ever seen, and it does it without preaching. It doesn’t have to.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75171
    Billy_T
    Participant

    I’m fine with you not wanting to talk about terms. But it puzzles me a bit, because you brought up the term, “democratic socialism” in response to my earlier comment. Didn’t you do so as a way of saying I was incorrect in claiming there have never been any “socialisms” in place, on the national level

    To be honest it had nothing to do with “incorrect.” It;s that something is disputed and/or is seen differently. Some of us count the democratic socialism associated with the Nordic model. This usage comes from Sanders and just identifies with that tradition because if nothing else it has a viable living energy at the moment. Like all things these terms have their practical, lived, changing histories. Emphasizing that just comes from my own tendency to embrace that kind of fluidity and the sense of disparate practical options. So I was more intervening in a discussion about socialism to open it up to more disparate visions. The goal being as I said to emphasize divergent and different views. Some of which admittedly flat reject one another, which is just part of it and certainly not dishonorable.

    All I did, really, was invite more concepts to the party.

    As a rule I am not very good about wondering if there is a “definitive” one. I just say, the history on that is messy, and…yay messiness.

    Thanks for the clarification, ZN.

    I’m a fan of “democratic socialism.” Big time. I prefer the American version to our Green Party by a great deal.

    http://www.dsausa.org/

    I’d happily vote DSA over the Greens if they ever expand enough to run national candidates, which I think they’re trying to do. Hopefully, local on up, all the way to the presidency someday.

    MLK, Camus, Orwell, Helen Keller, Oscar Wilde are some notable DS folks, as is Cornel West right now.

    My thing is, however, pointing out how something really can’t be judged — I know you’re not doing this — as a failure if it never got a chance to actually control its own destiny. I’m really interested in the practical, pragmatic, effective manner of how alternatives operate within certain contexts, and if those contexts allow it sufficient space to do its thing before they’re judged effective or a failure.

    Again, I’d call most of what exists in the Scandinavian countries “social democracy,” rather than “democratic socialism.” But, regardless. Let’s call it “democratic socialism” for purposes of this discussion. It’s still operating within a foreign context with capitalism as the economic system, centrist and conservative coalition governments, programs, policies, etc. etc. . . . and then within a much larger international, neoliberal order. Can it really be said to “fail” under those conditions? Can it be said it was ever really tried?

    Another shot at an analogy (all of this is fictional): I’ve discovered this miracle diet. I eat nothing but avocados five times a day, and have done so for the last year. My doctor is amazed. My cancer disappeared. My once high blood pressure has dropped to very safe levels. I no longer have a cholesterol problem, and it once was dangerously high. I feel great. I have a ton of energy.

    I tell others about my diet and several try it. But none of them do away with their favorites while they eat the avocados too. They still load up on fries, mashed potatoes and gravy, bacon, hot dogs, soda and booze. Chemists look at the interactions between these things and conclude that most of the benefits of the avocados are negated. None of my friends who try the avocados improve their health.

    “Socialisms” require, simply due to cause and effect, a certain measure of space to be what they are, and without that space and the absence of conflicting factors, they’re just not “effective” to the degree they can be — if at all.

    (I’m not a scientist, or I’d try for an analogy with chemical compounds, interacting, etc. But hopefully you get the idea)

    in reply to: NFL Players Respond to Trump on Anthem Protesters… + Kroenke #75157
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Personally, I think being more concerned about rituals and symbols than people is deeply alarming. These players have received death threats for daring to speak out about systemic racism and police brutality.

    The other side can’t point to anything of importance, IMO. Nothing. At least not relative to the oppression of human beings.

    And you can’t “disrespect” a piece of cloth, an inanimate object, an abstract symbol of another abstraction (nations). It’s logically impossible. You can “disrespect” human beings, but not things.

    I honestly can’t see how or why anyone could let an emotional attachment to a thing override a sense of compassion and empathy toward fellow humans. It makes no sense to me whatsoever.

    Symbols versus humans. What really matters?

    Beyond all of that, none of the players are talking about the anthem itself, and that puzzles me too. I think they have a legit gripe about it being played at all, especially because of its third stanza, championing slavery, and its author, Francis Scott Key, being a slave-owner and someone who later defended slave-holders, in court, seeking to recapture escaped, former slaves.

    It’s time we jettison all the political, pregame pomp and ceremony and just play the game.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75152
    Billy_T
    Participant

    A sidebar on terms. This work by Emma Goldman is amazingly good on the topic, and its much larger implications. From 1935. She talks about the misuse of the word “communism” and more important, IMO, the distinction between “nationalizing” and “socializing.”

    Excerpt:

    There Is No Communism in Russia
    Emma Goldman
    1935

    https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-there-is-no-communism-in-russia

    I.

    Communism is now on everybody’s lips. Some talk of it with the exaggerated enthusiasm of a new convert, others fear and condemn it as a social menace. But I venture to say that neither its admirers—the great majority of them—nor those who denounce it have a very clear idea of what Bolshevik Communism really is.

    Speaking generally, Communism is the ideal of human equality and brotherhood. It considers the exploitation of man by man as the source of all slavery and oppression. It holds that economic inequality leads to social injustice and is the enemy of moral and intellectual progress. Communism aims at a society where classes have been abolished as a result of common ownership of the means of production and distribution. It teaches that only in a classless, solidaric commonwealth can man enjoy liberty, peace and well-being.

    My purpose is to compare Communism with its application in Soviet Russia, but on closer examination I find it an impossible task. As a matter of fact, there is no Communism in the U.S.S.R. Not a single Communist principle, not a single item of its teaching is being applied by the Communist party there.

    To some this statement may appear as entirely false; others may think it vastly exaggerated. Yet I feel sure that an objective examination of conditions in present-day Russia will convince the unprejudiced reader that I speak with entire truth.

    It is necessary to consider here, first of all, the fundamental idea underlying the alleged Communism of the Bolsheviki. It is admittedly of a centralized, authoritarian kind. That is, it is based almost exclusively on governmental coercion, on violence. It is not the Communism of voluntary association. It is compulsory State Communism. This must be kept in mind in order to understand the method applied by the Soviet state to carry out such of its plans as may seem to be Communistic.

    The first requirement of Communism is the socialization of the land and of the machinery of production and distribution. Socialized land and machinery belong to the people, to be settled upon and used by individuals or groups according to their needs. In Russia land and machinery are not socialized but _nationalized_. The term is a misnomer, of course. In fact, it is entirely devoid of content. In reality there is no such thing as national wealth. A nation is too abstract a term to “own” anything. Ownership may be by an individual, or by a group of individuals; in any case by some quantitatively defined reality. When a certain thing does not belong to an individual or group, it is either nationalized or socialized. If it is nationalized, it belongs to the state; that is, the government has control of it and may dispose of it according to its wishes and views. But when a thing is socialized, every individual has free access to it and use it without interference from anyone.

    In Russia there is no socialization either of land or of production and distribution. Everything is nationalized; it belongs to the government, exactly as does the post-office in America or the railroad in Germany and other European countries. There is nothing of Communism about it.

    No more Communistic than the land and means of production is any other phase of the Soviet economic structure. All sources of existence are owned by the central government; foreign trade is its absolute monopoly; the printing presses belong to the state, and every book and paper issued is a government publication. In short, the entire country and everything in it is the property of the state, as in ancient days it used to be the property of the crown. The few things not yet nationalized, as some old ramshackle houses in Moscow, for instance, or some dingy little stores with a pitiful stock of cosmetics, exist on sufferance only, with the government having the undisputed right to confiscate them at any moment by simple decree.

    Such a condition of affairs may be called state capitalism, but it would be fantastic to consider it in any sense Communistic.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 1 month ago by Billy_T.
    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75150
    Billy_T
    Participant

    As for “democratic socialism.” Just my take, but I don’t think that term really fits anywhere, either. Primarily because democratic socialists also are anticapitalists, and want social ownership of the means of production, instead of private ownership.

    See we’re fighting over semantics. That will eternally bore me.

    If I say the Nordic democratic socialist model works fine, 2 things happen.

    I get chided by right-wingers.

    I get chided by left purists. That’s an emphasis on “purist” there since I am left.

    Well actually 3 things happen. Some people agree with me.

    Calling the Nordic model democratic socialism is fine with me, as is the Nordic model itself.

    I dont’ engage much beyond that because I found out a long time ago that arguing about these things never accomplishes anything of value.

    Fair enough?

    I’m fine with you not wanting to talk about terms. But it puzzles me a bit, because you brought up the term, “democratic socialism” in response to my earlier comment. Didn’t you do so as a way of saying I was incorrect in claiming there have never been any “socialisms” in place, on the national level?

    Also, I think these conversations are more productive when we don’t add labels like “purist.” If you think I’m wrong about the terms, please explain why. There’s just no need for the “purist” shot. I take that — whenever I hear it — as a shortcut attempt to dismiss a point of view. The accusation of “purist” and various scoldings like “don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good” are the frequent go to silencers used by centrist Dems, when it comes to leftist critiques leveled against their platforms, as I’m sure you know. I imagine you’ve been on the receiving end of that for a long, long time, coming from folks to your right.

    Anyway . . . personally, I think political terms are really important. If two “sides” are using them in completely different ways, it’s nearly impossible to forge any understanding at all. And when it comes to “socialisms” this is rampant, in my experience. I’m a thousand and one times opposed to the state capitalist forms of the USSR, China, NK, to their dictatorships, to their authoritarianism, etc. etc. . . . which is why I advocate for actual socialisms. But most Americans hear “socialist” and immediately and erroneously jump to “You’re a Stalinist!!”

    No. The vast, vast majority of socialist theory (for well over two centuries) is and was in direct opposition to everything he stood for, and socialist theory(s) calls for the opposite of what he did.

    How can we have even slightly fruitful discussions if we mean totally different things by these terms? Boiled down, most right of center Americans view advocates of “socialisms” as supporters of the worst kind of tyranny and oppression, while we socialists view it as among the very best antidotes to tyranny and oppression. We see it as a solution to those problems, while they see it as the cause.

    If we could at least agree about political terms . . . .

    Anyway, hope all is well, ZN.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 1 month ago by Billy_T.
    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75147
    Billy_T
    Participant

    To elaborate a bit further on why no nation can be truly said to be “democratic socialist.” There’s never been a nation — including the Scandinavian countries — that allowed democratic socialist platforms to take hold, without also being countered by capitalist, conservative, center-right, or even further right programs and societal structures too. None was able to socialize the means of production.

    And like the DLT metaphor, it doesn’t really work unless the entire set up can be “socialism(s).” If the whole basis for improving quality of life is based on the social ownership of the means of production, instead of private ownership, but you only have that in some sectors, and even in those sectors, there is always hamstringing going on by the private sector, it’s just not going to work as planned. Far too much working at “cross purposes.”

    Perhaps it makes more sense to call it “social democracy” than “democratic socialism.” The former is compatible with existing capitalism as THE economic engine. It tacks on a welfare state and seeks some kind of redistributionary offset from that point. But “socialisms” aren’t compatible with capitalism. They want to go beyond “liberal” welfare states and solve the problems of inequality upfront, so there’s just no need for governments to do their offsets after the fact.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75146
    Billy_T
    Participant

    definition excerpt of democratic socialism from wiki.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism#Definition

    Democratic socialism is defined as having a socialist economy in which the means of production are socially and collectively owned or controlled alongside a politically democratic system of government.[6]

    Some tendencies of democratic socialism advocate for revolution in order to transition to socialism, distinguishing it from some forms of social democracy.[9] For example, Peter Hain classifies democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti-authoritarian “socialism from below” (using the term popularised by Hal Draper), in contrast to Stalinism, a variant of authoritarian state socialism. For Hain, this democratic/authoritarian divide is more important than the revolutionary/reformist divide.[10] In this type of democratic socialism, it is the active participation of the population as a whole, and workers in particular, in the management of economy that characterises democratic socialism, while nationalisation and economic planning (whether controlled by an elected government or not) are characteristic of state socialism. A similar, but more complex, argument is made by Nicos Poulantzas.[11] Draper himself uses the term “revolutionary-democratic socialism” as a type of socialism from below in his The Two Souls of Socialism. He writes: “the leading spokesman in the Second International of a revolutionary-democratic Socialism-from-Below [was] Rosa Luxemburg, who so emphatically put her faith and hope in the spontaneous struggle of a free working class that the myth-makers invented for her a ‘theory of spontaneity'”.[8] Similarly, about Eugene Debs, he writes: “‘Debsian socialism’ evoked a tremendous response from the heart of the people, but Debs had no successor as a tribune of revolutionary-democratic socialism.”[12]

    In contrast, other tendencies of democratic socialism advocate for eventual socialism that follow a gradual, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.[13] Often, this tendency is invoked in an attempt to distinguish democratic socialism from Marxist–Leninist socialism, as in Donald Busky’s Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey,[14] Jim Tomlinson’s Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951, Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal or Roy Hattersley’s Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism. A variant of this set of definitions is Joseph Schumpeter’s argument, set out in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1941), that liberal democracies were evolving from “liberal capitalism” into democratic socialism, with the growth of workers’ self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions.[15]

    The Democratic Socialists of America’s purpose is defined as “We are socialists because we reject an economic order based on private profit, alienated labor, gross inequalities of wealth and power, discrimination based on race and sex, and brutality and violence in defense of the status quo. We are socialists because we share a vision of a humane social order based on popular control of resources and production, economic planning, equitable distribution, feminism, racial equality and non-oppressive relationships. We are socialists because we are developing a concrete strategy for achieving that vision, for building a majority movement that will make democratic socialism a reality in America. We believe that such a strategy must acknowledge the class structure of American society and that this class structure means that there is a basic conflict of interest between those sectors with enormous economic power and the vast majority of the population.” [16]

    The term is sometimes used to refer to policies that are compatible with and exist within capitalism, as opposed to an ideology that aims to transcend or replace capitalism. Though this is not always the case. For example, Robert M. Page, a Reader in Democratic Socialism and Social Policy at the University of Birmingham, writes about “transformative democratic socialism” to refer to the politics of the Clement Attlee government (a strong welfare state, fiscal redistribution, some government ownership) and “revisionist democratic socialism,” as developed by Anthony Crosland and Harold Wilson:

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75145
    Billy_T
    Participant

    So when someone says that socialism has always failed, I have to say, no. It hasn’t. Cuz it’s never been tried.

    And there are lots of different views on THAT too.

    For example democratic socialism, as opposed to theoretical pure socialism, has not only been tried and is successful, in some parts of the world it is dominant.

    I count the success of democratic socialism heavily in looking at real economic policies.

    To clarify: I’m not talking about “pure socialism.” I’m talking about the absence of any attempt with anything remotely like socialism(s) on a fundamental level. As in, the total absence of the key pillars of the theory. The most essential aspects to the theory. Aspects, without which, it simply makes no sense to call it “socialism(s).”

    Straining for a good analogy here: But perhaps something like the basic tenets for Jazz composition are missing. And you need those established first before you can go off in a thousand different, beautiful directions, and call it “jazz.”

    As for “democratic socialism.” Just my take, but I don’t think that term really fits anywhere, either. Primarily because democratic socialists also are anticapitalists, and want social ownership of the means of production, instead of private ownership.

    In Scandinavia, there are mixes with aspects of democratic socialism included. But it’s really not the kind of thing that can be done in part. Another rough stab at a relevant analogy:

    There’s this agro-theory that requires the drying out of an entire piece of land, and a buffer zone surrounding it, before planting, in order to ensure radically higher crop yields. It’s called the Dry Land Theory, or DLT.

    The plot of land is 250 acres. The buffer zone adds another 10. But because of competing theories, the DLT folks have never been able to dry out more than 25 acres at any one time. They never achieve the higher crop yields.

    Is it fair to say DLT failed?

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75121
    Billy_T
    Participant

    X,

    Thanks for telling part of your story. I’ve seen my own times of poverty, and experienced actual homelessness when I went back to get another degree.

    Again, just speaking for me, I don’t want to try to change your mind about your own beliefs. Most of the time, in these debates, I’m really fleshing out my own view of things, kind of on the fly, so to speak. If others find something that interests them, that’s cool, too. Even better, if they spark something that expands my own intellectual journey into places I haven’t thought of going. Actually, that’s a really great thing. But I also realize that that last part seldom if ever happens when people feel under attack. If that’s how you feel here, then I fully “get” that you want out.

    That said, another aspect that’s important to me, and I think it’s likely a residual effect from having teachers as parents . . . I just have this (bad) habit of wanting to “correct the record.” So when someone says that socialism has always failed, I have to say, no. It hasn’t. Cuz it’s never been tried. And that’s factually the case. No modern nation has ever, not once, not ever, implemented socialist theory. No truly socialist nation has ever existed on this planet, because that would mean the entire economy was democratized, that the people, not “the state,” literally owned the means of production, and that society was working toward an elimination of all class divisions.

    The next step from there — and I don’t see any of these steps as historically inevitable, btw — the next step is doing away with the state apparatus itself, because we’re ready to roll without any training wheels. We’re ready to truly self-govern, and there’s no need for the state any longer. At this point, we have theoretical communism in place, with no ruling class, and no other classes, period. Pure D democracy and self-rule, and an egalitarian society to boot.

    The issue of same exact pay even when people work at different speeds, skill levels, effort levels? I find that concern interesting, but I think it’s a point of grave misunderstanding, politically. IMO, the issue isn’t trying to keep compensation exactly the same. The issue is preventing it from being wildly out of whack, relative to the actual differences between human beings. Capitalism can’t. It’s not built that way. It’s built to invent and then wildly exaggerate our differences, and via zero sum logic, concentrate the vast majority of wealth and power in the hands of the few.

    There are vastly better ways to organize economies and societies. We really don’t have to have a top and a bottom so grotesquely separate that it’s as if we’re dealing with different species, humans and crustaceans, say. There really just isn’t any way to logically, rationally or morally justify the divisions between the Haves and the Have nots on the merits. The gap is too great.

    Hope all is well, X.

    in reply to: Symbols versus human beings. #75089
    Billy_T
    Participant

    I just bumped into this article. It’s really good on the topic of the politicization of the NFL prior to Kaepernick.

    How We Can Get Partisan Politics Out of Football By Eric Levitz

    Excerpt:

    Now, imagine a world where the Department of Defense paid the NFL $5.4 million to perform tributes to veterans between 2012 and 2015; ceased making said payments upon John McCain’s disapproval; and then allowed the NFL to continue the practice voluntarily after that. (Oh, and most of the stadiums where these Pentagon-friendly messages were being delivered were built with taxpayer funds.)

    In other words, imagine the world we live in — and then ask yourself, again, whether a player who declined to participate in a ritual tribute to the American military (including one involving the recitation of the national anthem accompanied by militaristic pageantry) would be inserting politics into the situation, or reacting to politics that had already been inserted?

    The point of this thought experiment is simple: The NFL was chock-full of “politics” long before Colin Kaepernick decided to use his share of the league’s spotlight to call attention to discriminatory policing.

    Those decrying Kaepernick and other NFL players for “bringing politics” into football, then, do not actually object to the politicization of the game, per se. In fact, President Trump and his allies are fiercely defensive of a specific brand of football politics: one that insists that American soldiers never lose their lives in ill-conceived and unjust wars of choice, but only in defense of “our freedoms”; that posits reverence for the armed forces and the symbols of the American state as the unifying foundations of U.S. civil society; that imagines all of our nation’s fallen soldiers as a monolithic group of Über-patriots, all of whom would be more offended by an NFL player’s failure to stand for the national anthem than by the routine, legally sanctioned murder of unarmed African-Americans by the government they gave their lives in defense of; and, finally, that views black professional athletes as beneficiaries of our nation’s wealth, rather than participants helping to create it, and consequently expects said athletes to demonstrate gratitude for the opportunities that (white) America has bestowed upon them.

    (An important and relevant link, within the above article, to an Op Ed by Eric Reid. Well worth reading in its entirety: Op-Ed Contributor Eric Reid: Why Colin Kaepernick and I Decided to Take a Knee)

    in reply to: Symbols versus human beings. #75086
    Billy_T
    Participant

    And a side note to all of this? I’ve actually been surprised that so few people are talking about the national anthem itself and its author, Francis Scott Key. The players aren’t. I don’t hear pundits talking about it. But they should.

    Why? Because Francis Scott Key was a slave-owner who later defended slave-owners in court who were trying to capture runaway slaves. And the lyrics of the third stanza — which is conveniently never sung — actually champion slavery.

    It needs to be repealed and replaced, immediately. And I also think we need to debate the playing of ANY anthem before sporting events, and especially the militaristic displays, brought to you care of our tax dollars and a special deal between the Defense Department and the NFL to push nationalistic, jingoistic, militarized claptrap.

    Want politics out of sports? Let’s stop injecting it in the form of faux-patriotism and lock-step displays before every game. That’s already “politicizing” the hell out of the games. Save that for the 4th or other special events.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #75083
    Billy_T
    Participant

    You left out some details.

    Is the 99%er on Island one the only guy working? What if he created the island like one of those fake islands China makes in the South China Sea? Say he made the island, built machines to cultivate the land and dig wells, set up an aqueduct, built infrastructure to get from one side of the island to the other, built luxury huts with premium thatch, and provided clothing & necessities for decades upon decades.

    And then 9 people showed up illegally from a nearby shitty island and demanded all his stuff.

    Are the 10 people on island 2 all pulling their weight equally? What if they’re all lazy and contribute nothing to the island except for one hard working guy? Say only one of the 10 gets out there and works. He goes out and harvests the coconuts, digs the wells, does all the fishing, manufactures clothing (grass skirts & palm frond vests, I would imagine), and stockpiles it to ensure his longevity.

    The other 9 do nothing but steal his shit because they’re too lazy to do it themselves.

    Well, I can’t speak for WV, but to me, the problem with your question is — at least I’m reading it this way — assuming that just one person, the “capitalist,” did all of those things her/himself. And that’s never, ever, not ever, how things work under capitalism. Huge numbers of people work for the capitalist and do all those things. They do the actual lifting of the bails, and toting of the barges. They actually “build” it, not the capitalist.

    The capitalist basically plays golf or goes to the country club, and delegates work to others, but then gets to claim EVERYTHING made by everyone else in that workforce for themselves. They get to, legally, appropriate — which is a fancy way of saying “steal” — everything generated by that workforce, and they get to decide the value of their workers’ time. Just that one capitalist gets to do that, which I find profoundly immoral.

    I think capitalism is evil, radically immoral, and is always already an act of theft. IMO, no sane society should accept it as its form of economics. It creates blatantly unequal power arrangements, automatically creates arbitrary, forced, neck-breaking hierarchies, and disproportionately rewards the few for the work of the many.

    Anyway, that’s my two cents on the “island” metaphor.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #74976
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Another key thing to remember: Jefferson, Madison, Franklin and Adams, among other “founders,” were deists, philosophically. They believed in Newton’s god, the watchmaker god, not a god who ever interfered in human lives. A god who set everything in motion and then went away. They didn’t believe in the Trinity, or the divinity of Jesus, and some of them even mocked the idea, like Adams the Unitarian deist.

    Jefferson rewrote the gospels, removing all aspects of the supernatural and the miraculous. He saw Jesus as human only, not a god or God, and admired him greatly.

    This saying by him rings so true to me, whenever people push for the non-existent Christian origin stories:

    Notes on Virginia (1782)
    “The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others. But it does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods or no God. It neither picks my pocket nor breaks my leg.”

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #74975
    Billy_T
    Participant

    One area of David Barton critique might be more to your liking than the others. Because it comes from conservative Christians themselves. There are plenty of atheist, secular humanist angles in this debate, but it’s interesting that several conservative Christian scholars have come out to debunk Barton and his mythology.

    Getting Jefferson Right: Fact Checking Claims about Our Third President Kindle Edition by Warren Throckmorton (Author), Michael Coulter (Author)

    The author’s site:

    https://gettingjeffersonright.com/

    And an overview of the debate:

    By Paul Harvey June 4, 2012 The Quixotic Task of Debunking David Barton

    An excerpt from the last of these links:

    Lies, Damned Lies, and Damned Misleading Lies

    As the poster child for tendentiousness, Barton makes easy pickings for dispassionate truth-seekers like Throckmorton and Coulter. One by one, they consider, historicize, and debunk Barton’s claims: that Jefferson used federal funds to promote missions to the Indians, that he sought a theological professorship at the University of Virginia, that in only a very few of his letters did he attack basic Christian theological beliefs, that he believed not in a “wall of separation” of church and state but in a Republic that would actively promote Christianity, that his sexual morality was unimpeachable, that he didn’t really edit out the miraculous stories of the New Testament, that he founded the Virginia Bible Society, and on and on.

    They find without fail that the claims fall into one of the following categories: 1) complete falsehoods (there are plenty of those); 2) misleading falsehoods (such as the story about wanting Christian imagery on the national seal—true, but on the other side of the seal, had Jefferson gotten his wish, would have been a pagan story); 3) true, but entirely irrelevant and ultimately misleading statements (such as signing documents with “the Year of our Lord,” which he did because pre-packaged treaty forms had that language, and had about as much meaning as signing “Dear” in our salutations in letters to complete strangers); 4) statements with a “kernel” of truth but blown so far out of proportion as to end up being false (such as Jefferson wanting federal funding for Indian missions, when in fact the titles of the bills simply took on the name of already existing religious societies); 5) baffling assertions that are so far out of the realm of reality as to be neither “true” nor “false,” but simply bizarre (such as Barton’s defense of Jefferson’s views on race, which were disturbingly ugly even by the standards of his era).

    In each of these categories, as Throckmorton and Coulter gently put it, “we find the reality is often much different than the claim.” That’s their way of saying that the claims are, mostly, “pants on fire,” to use the language of Politifact, the Tampa Bay Times’ fact-checking project. Others rate a “false” or “mostly false” label, while there isn’t a single one (other than minor statements of fact, such as date of birth or dates of his presidency) that rates “true,” or even “mostly true.”

    Getting Jefferson Right is an excellent example of the art of historical contextualization, of trying to tell the whole story, not just part of it. For those reasons, the work should become a standard reference.

    in reply to: I don't know what to title this. #74973
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Well, actually, this nation wasn’t founded on “Christian principles” in the slightest.

    That’s a fact, is it?
    When was that decided?

    In 1982 Newsweek magazine published an article entitled, “How the Bible Made America.” It concluded, “historians are discovering that the Bible, perhaps even more than the Constitution, is our founding document.” 55 founding fathers who worked on the constitution were members of orthodox Christian churches and many were even evangelical Christian. And out of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence 24 of them were seminary graduates.

    John Jay, a Founding Father, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789–95) said, “The Bible is the best of all books, for it is the word of God and teaches us the way to be happy in this world and in the next.
    Continue therefore to read it and to regulate your life by its precepts.”

    You probably have no inclination to, but read “The Myth of American Individualism: The Protestant Origins of American Political Thought.”

    And finally, there is no such phrase as ‘separation of church and state’ in the Constitution, because the Founding Fathers never intended for church and state to be completely separate. They saw religion as indispensable to the moral foundation of the nation they were creating. And I firmly believe that instruction in peaceful religion is probably the only way for people to peaceably coexist and repair the rapidly deteriorating moral fiber of this Country. Attacking it because “Religion bad” is what’s causing much of the discord, IMO.

    I googled for that Newsweek article, X, and I discovered something kinda weird. Could only find it mentioned on religious-right sites, and they didn’t even mention the authors of the article, or go beyond small snippets. Who were the authors, and what are their credentials? And why choose one single article from 35 years ago to make their case?

    As PA mentioned, and I knew, Jefferson was quite specific about the wall between church and state, putting that down in writings prior to the revolution. Madison was even stronger on the issue than the already strict vision of Jefferson, and he was the primary author of our founding docs.

    I’ve read several biographies of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Franklin and Adams, and more than a half dozen studies of the revolutionary period. It’s one of my “things.” Authors such as David McCullough, Joseph Epstein, John Ferling, Gordon S. Wood, Ron Chernow, William Lee Miller and Stacy Schiff. In none of these works — and all the above authors are considered “mainstream” historians, not leftists — is Christianity considered a significant influence on the structure and construction of our nation.

    And why would it be? The Constitution never mentions god, God, Jesus or Christianity, and it expressly bars religious tests. The First Amendment says, flat out, we can’t establish a religion. If we were “founded as a Christian nation,” that would be in the Constitution. It would be explicit and implicit. Quite the opposite case happened.

    If you’re interested in a good starting point for further debate, I’d recommend critics of David Barton, who is basically the poster boy for pushing the myth of our Christian founding. To prevent this one from getting too long, I’ll list some links in the next post.

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