Study Shows One Thing [masks] Could Cause 80% Decrease In COVID-19 Cases

Coronavirus prevention: Can using a mask help in eliminating COVID-19 infection?

https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-prevention-can-using-a-mask-help-in-eliminating-covid-19-infection/1956182/

If a large number of people use masks, this can also help in reducing the lockdown period too.

Using masks to stop community transmission? While there is no doubt that using masks may help prevent Coronavirus transmission, the impact of the pandemic could have been eliminated if enough people wore masks while venturing out, the Indian Express reported citing a new study by researchers from universities in Arizona, Harvard and Sydney. It said that in a city like New York, if 70 per cent people had worn a professional mask, the outbreak could have been eliminated from the city while the similar results would have been achieved if 80 per cent people across the United States have used masks daily.

If not professional masks, low-quality home-made masks are also expected to lead to a significant decline in transmission. Homemade face masks, despite being three times less effective have proven to be adequate. This along with other interventions would help in achieving elimination, the report said. According to the report, using face masks is helpful especially when the coverage level is high. It further stated that 45 per cent of the deaths projected for next two months is likely to be prevented considering 80 per cent US citizens wear masks. It added judicious use of masks is necessary at least till next 12-18 months before vaccines are available in the market.

The report mentioned that if a large number of people use masks, this can also help in reducing the lockdown period too. “Face masks are a valuable tool to reduce community transmission,” Jeremy Howard, author of the study told the IE. However, one needs to ensure all social distancing practises and maintain hand hygiene.

Most importantly, the report highlighted that masks offered two way protecting. Citing Dr Jagmeet Singh, professor of cardiology at Harvard Medical School, it said that it prevents people suffering from infection in transmitting to others and protects those who may be exposed to someone with possible contagion.

It is to note that the Coronavirus is transmitted to droplets present mainly in the air. The droplets are released when a person coughs or sneezes. Wearing a mask would prevent the dispersion of droplets into the air.

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from How Hong Kong Did It
With the government flailing, the city’s citizens decided to organize their own coronavirus response

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/05/how-hong-kong-beating-coronavirus/611524/

…

It’s been five months, and I doubt Hong Kong will let someone like me in anytime soon. The city of more than 7 million people had no local cases for weeks until today; meanwhile, I live in the country with the worst outbreak in the world, the United States, with more than 80,000 known deaths from COVID-19 and without encouraging developments on the necessary measures to contain it. Hong Kong, by contrast, has had only four known deaths total from the coronavirus over the past many months. It recently stopped calculating the dreaded R(t)—the real-time transmission rate of the coronavirus—because, of course, you cannot calculate transmission rates without new cases. Hong Kong never even had a full lockdown (although it closed schools, which it plans to reopen soon). Meanwhile, I’m entering my sixth week under a stay-at-home order, with no robust exit infrastructure in place.

…

In response to the crisis, Hong Kongers spontaneously adopted near-universal masking on their own, defying the government’s ban on masks. When Lam oscillated between not wearing a mask in public and wearing one but incorrectly, they blasted her online and mocked her incorrect mask wearing. In response to the mask shortage, the foot soldiers of the protest movement set up mask brigades—acquiring and distributing masks, especially to the poor and elderly, who may not be able to spend hours in lines. An “army of volunteers” also spread among the intensely crowded and often decrepit tenement buildings to install and keep filled hand-sanitizer dispensers. During the protest movement, I had become accustomed to seeing shared digital maps that kept track of police blockades and clashes; now digital maps kept track of outbreaks and hand-sanitizer distribution.

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from COVID-19: Masks Make Difference In Reducing Transmission, Lowering Death Rate, Research Says

https://dailyvoice.com/connecticut/litchfield/lifestyle/covid-19-masks-make-difference-in-reducing-transmission-lowering-death-rate-research-says/787204/

A new study by Arizona State researchers found that wearing face masks and coverings during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic could help curb the spread of the virus and prevent more deaths.

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According to the researchers, the data suggests that the use of masks could reduce the number of deaths due to the virus by between 17 percent and 45 percent in the next two months.

According to the researchers, the data suggests that the use of masks could reduce the number of deaths due to the virus by between 17 percent and 45 percent in the next two months.

The full study from Arizona State University can be found here. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.03251.pdf

Evidence is growing that when masks are worn by nearly everyone, it can slow coronavirus transmission.
Masks help stop the spread of coronavirus – the science is simple and I’m one of 100 experts urging governors to require public mask-wearing

https://theconversation.com/masks-help-stop-the-spread-of-coronavirus-the-science-is-simple-and-im-one-of-100-experts-urging-governors-to-require-public-mask-wearing-138507?fbclid=IwAR1F3fS-wsAD8605JV66yyxx_TlRKJTuCSj1NL1v1sgDqch3LM8eqXizlk8

I’m a data scientist at the University of San Francisco and teach courses online in machine learning for fast.ai. In late March, I decided to use public mask-wearing as a case study to show my students how to combine and analyze diverse types of data and evidence.

Much to my surprise, I discovered that the evidence for wearing masks in public was very strong. It appeared that universal mask-wearing could be one of the most important tools in tackling the spread of COVID-19. Yet the people around me weren’t wearing masks and health organizations in the U.S. weren’t recommending their use.

I, along with 18 other experts from a variety of disciplines, conducted a review of the research on public mask-wearing as a tool to slow the spread SARS-CoV-2. We published a preprint of our paper on April 12 and it is now awaiting peer review at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Since then, there have been many more reviews that support mask-wearing. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.13834

On May 14, I and 100 of the world’s top academics released an open letter to all U.S. governors asking that “officials require cloth masks to be worn in all public places, such as stores, transportation systems, and public buildings.”

Currently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that everyone wears a mask – as do the governments covering 90% of the world’s population – but, so far, only 12 states in the U.S. require it. In the majority of the remaining states, the CDC recommendation has not been enough: Most people do not currently wear masks. However, things are changing fast. Every week more and more jurisdictions require mask use in public. As I write this, there are now 94 countries that have made this move. https://airtable.com/shreZdkFaYZqfpEqU/tbl5o6qUd54BL9wkw

So what is this evidence that has led myself and so many scientists to believe so strongly in masks?

The evidence

The research that first convinced me was a laser light-scattering experiment. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health used lasers to illuminate and count how many droplets of saliva were flung into the air by a person talking with and without a face mask. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2007800 The paper was only recently published officially, but I saw a YouTube video showing the experiment in early March. The results are shockingly obvious in the video. When the researcher used a simple cloth face cover, nearly all the droplets were blocked. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=19&v=UNHgQq0BGLI&feature=emb_title

This evidence is only relevant if COVID-19 is transmitted by droplets from a person’s mouth. It is. https://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2020/05/09/evidence-shows-covid-19-is-almost-exclusively-spread-by-droplets.html There are many documented super-spreading cases connected with activities – like singing in enclosed spaces – that create a lot of droplets.

The light-scattering experiment cannot see “micro-droplets” that are smaller than 5 microns and could contain some viral particles. But experts don’t think that these are responsible for much COVID-19 transmission.

While just how much of a role these small particles play in transmission remains to be seen, recent research suggests that cloth masks are also effective at reducing the spread of these smaller particles. In a paper that has not yet been peer-reviewed, researchers found that micro-droplets fell out of the air within 1.5 meters of the person who was wearing a mask, versus 5 meters for those not wearing masks. When combined with social distancing, this suggests that masks can effectively reduce transmission via micro-droplets.

Another recent study showed that unfitted surgical masks were 100% effective in blocking seasonal coronavirus in droplets ejected during breathing. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2

If only people with symptoms infected others, then only people with symptoms would need to wear masks. But experts have shown that people without symptoms pose a risk of infecting others. In fact, four recent studies show that nearly half of patients are infected by people who do not themselves have symptoms.

This evidence seems, to me, clear and simple: COVID-19 is spread by droplets. We can see directly that a piece of cloth blocks those droplets and the virus those droplets contain. People without symptoms who don’t even know they are sick are responsible for around half of the transmission of the virus.

We should all wear masks.

Against the tide

After going through all of this strong evidence in late March and early April, I wondered why mask-wearing was controversial amongst health organizations in the Western world. The U.S. and European CDCs did not recommend masks, and neither did nearly any western government except for Slovakia and Czechia, which both required masks in late March.

I think there were three key problems.

The first was that most researchers were looking at the wrong question – how well a mask protects the wearer from infection and not how well a mask prevents an infected person from spreading the virus. Masks function very differently as personal protective equipment (PPE) versus source control.

Masks are very good at blocking larger droplets and not nearly as good at blocking tiny particles. When a person expels droplets into the air, they quickly evaporate and shrink to become tiny airborne particles called droplet nuclei. These are extremely hard to remove from the air. However, in the moist atmosphere between a person’s mouth and their mask, it takes nearly a hundred times as long for a droplet to evaporate and shrink into a droplet nuclei.

This means that nearly any kind of simple cloth mask is great for source control. The mask creates humidity, this humidity prevents virus-containing droplets from turning into droplet nuclei, and this allows the fabric of the mask to block the droplets.

Unfortunately, nearly all of the research that was available at the start of this pandemic focused on mask efficacy as PPE. This measure is very important for protecting health care workers, but does not capture their value as source control. On Feb. 29, the U.S. surgeon general tweeted that masks “are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching #Coronavirus.” This missed the key point: They are extremely effective at preventing its spread, as our review of the literature showed.

The second problem was that most medical researchers are used to judging interventions on the basis of randomized controlled trials. These are the foundation of evidence based medicine. However, it is impossible and unethical to test mask-wearing, hand-washing or social distancing during a pandemic.

Experts like Trisha Greenhalgh, the author of the best-selling textbook “How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Healthcare,” are now asking, “Is Covid-19 evidence-based medicine’s nemesis?” She and others are suggesting that when a simple experiment finds evidence to support an intervention and that intervention has a limited downside, policymakers should act before a randomized trial is done.

The third problem is that there is a shortage of medical masks around the world. Many policymakers were concerned that recommending face coverings for the public would lead to people hoarding medical masks. This led to seemingly contradictory guidance where the CDC said there was no reason for the public to wear masks but that masks needed to be saved for medical workers. The CDC has now clarified its stance and recommends the public use of homemade masks while saving higher-grade masks for medical professionals.

Results of mask-wearing

There are numerous studies that suggest if 80% of people wear a mask in public, then COVID-19 transmission could be halted. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07353 Until a vaccine or a cure for COVID-19 is discovered, cloth face masks might be the most important tool we currently have to fight the pandemic.

Given all of the laboratory and epidemiological evidence, the low cost of wearing masks – which can be made at home with no tools – and the potential to slow COVID-19 transmission with widescale use, policymakers should ensure that everyone wears a mask in public.