Peter Koenig on neoliberalism

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  • #64135
    wv
    Participant

    link:https://popularresistance.org/former-world-bank-staffer-explains-how-neoliberalism-is-destroying-the-world/

    “….Neoliberalism is the killer plague of the 21st century. Neoliberalism is economic fascism. It is a criminal doctrine. Globalized neoliberalism privatizes public goods for private profit. Neoliberalism led by Washington with the shameful complicity of Europe has in the last fifteen years killed between 12 and 15 million people by wars, famine, deprived health services… forced refugees. Today a small world elite of corporate and Wall Street CEOs and selected politicians call the shots….” ~Peter Koenig

    #64141
    Billy_T
    Participant

    link:https://popularresistance.org/former-world-bank-staffer-explains-how-neoliberalism-is-destroying-the-world/

    “….Neoliberalism is the killer plague of the 21st century. Neoliberalism is economic fascism. It is a criminal doctrine. Globalized neoliberalism privatizes public goods for private profit. Neoliberalism led by Washington with the shameful complicity of Europe has in the last fifteen years killed between 12 and 15 million people by wars, famine, deprived health services… forced refugees. Today a small world elite of corporate and Wall Street CEOs and selected politicians call the shots….” ~Peter Koenig

    WV,

    This may be one of those times when “We could write each other’s posts” with you standing in for that “we,” and the following being what you could write in anticipation, etc. etc. . . .

    ;>)

    To me, I think too many people are missing the proverbial forest for the trees, when they talk about neoliberalism, which is, of course, odious. And it often surprises me when critics themselves lay out its fundamentals but fail to take the next logical step.

    The main reason why neoliberalism is so destructive is that it rolls back previous restraints on capitalism, designed to prevent it from doing what it wants to do — though they were in place for a much shorter period of time than most people think. Prior to those curbs on its power, we had an even more aggressive capitalism, with even fewer restraints than we have now, and the results were worse.

    I’m honestly baffled when people think it makes sense to concentrate on the presence of more, or the presence of fewer, restraints on an economic system that has proven over time that we can’t trust it if left alone. Logic tells me that it’s the economic system itself which is the problem, or we wouldn’t need them, or need to increase them, or fear their absence.

    It’s kind of like choosing a new pet dog for your kids. Does it make sense to bring home a dog which requires all kinds of restraints, leashes, special fencing, muzzles and what not, and concentrate on making sure you have the right stuff to protect your kids from the dog . . . .? Perhaps it’s a lot smarter way to go to bring home a dog that loves kids naturally, is always gentle and kind to them and doesn’t need all of that protective gear.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 8 months ago by Billy_T.
    #64142
    Billy_T
    Participant

    In short, if we need to spend so much time and energy on preventing capitalism from being what is truly is . . . doesn’t it make a hell of a lot more sense to just replace it altogether?

    To go with the animal metaphor again:

    It’s like choosing a shark over a dolphin to be your friend (economy). If you’re Richard Dreyfuss, and you’ve just had your steel caged ripped apart by a shark, you might be thinking I wish I were swimming with dolphins instead.

    #64144
    wv
    Participant

    Well Billy you ought to know what i think of corporate-capitalism by now.

    Attacking neoliberalism, does NOT mean, i like corporate-capitalism.

    Ya know. Its like Warner and Bulger. You CAN talk about one and not the other.
    OR, you can talk about both. Either way is fine.

    w
    v

    #64146
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Well Billy you ought to know what i think of corporate-capitalism by now.

    Attacking neoliberalism, does NOT mean, i like corporate-capitalism.

    Ya know. Its like Warner and Bulger. You CAN talk about one and not the other.
    OR, you can talk about both. Either way is fine.

    w
    v

    WV,

    I know how you feel about it, and I’m not at all trying to suggest we can’t talk about both. I guess I wasn’t being very clear. I’m just saying it frustrates ME when people who do really great analyses on neoliberalism . . . rarely take the next logical step.

    That wasn’t a shot at you, by any means, and I’m actually really glad people talk about how horrible neoliberalism is. Hell, I do too. A ton.

    My point is, I just hear so little about the capitalist system itself. It’s kind of like you when you want to hear more stuff about the Deep State, and it’s missing from the discussion in your view.

    For me, the elephant in the room is that capitalism itself is the thing that requires all of these constraints. Isn’t it far more logical to have an economic system that DOESN’T require them?

    #64147
    Billy_T
    Participant

    In short, unless we’re reading or hearing from anticapitalists, the topic never comes up. It’s verboten. You never see alternatives to capitalism discussed in the MSM. You won’t see it discussed in specifically center-left or “liberal” media outlets either.

    But you will see analyses of neoliberalism. Again, that’s great. But it’s not the full story. Not by a long shot. Neoliberalism’s context is capitalism and its history. That’s entirely missing from all discussion outside anticapitalist circles.

    I see that as a major problem. I was commenting on that.

    #64148
    Billy_T
    Participant

    So, ironically, I AM saying we need to talk about both. I’m saying the thing left out is a critique about capitalism itself and its alternatives.

    #64149
    zn
    Moderator

    I guess I wasn’t being very clear. I’m just saying it frustrates ME when people who do really great analyses on neoliberalism . . . rarely take the next logical step.

    That’s because the next step, for you, is a field of beliefs and ideas and commitments.

    Where I part ways with a lot of marxists is that they often frame it as a necessary, inevitable logic. I don’t see it that way. I see it as a field of convictions, ideas, and beliefs in its own way no different (in THAT respect) from other belief systems.

    That;s one more reason why it always pays to think in terms of alliance politics.

    #64151
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Warner and Bulger. Do you really want to go there again?

    ;>)

    Jes kiddin’

    He was a WV kid, right? Always thought he got a bum deal with the Rams. I guess both of them did. But the sides were drawn, and the battles commenced, and they still sing songs in Middle Earth about the clash of swords and spears.

    #64153
    zn
    Moderator

    I guess both of them did. But the sides were drawn, and the battles commenced, and they still sing songs in Middle Earth about the clash of swords and spears.

    #64155
    Billy_T
    Participant

    I guess I wasn’t being very clear. I’m just saying it frustrates ME when people who do really great analyses on neoliberalism . . . rarely take the next logical step.

    That’s because the next step, for you, is a field of beliefs and ideas and commitments.

    Where I part ways with a lot of marxists is that they often frame it as a necessary, inevitable logic. I don’t see it that way. I see it as a field of convictions, ideas, and beliefs in its own way no different (in THAT respect) from other belief systems.

    That;s one more reason why it always pays to think in terms of alliance politics.

    I don’t see this as necessarily a Marxian interpretation at all. And, unless I misread you as misreading me . . . . I’m not talking about any historical inevitabilities, cuz I also don’t believe in those. This isn’t about “what must come next after mature capitalism,” etc. etc.

    I’m simply talking about the obviousness of ANY system that requires endless constraints — or, as I said in my analogy, animals.

    If system X can not operate by itself, free and unfettered, without doing serious harm to all and sundry, and we witness through time it doing far less harm the more seriously we seek to constrain it . . . it’s just inescapably logical that the thing itself is the problem.

    Again, that would be the case for any system and all kinds of non-systems without any “economic” component.

    Another analogy I’ve used before, though the two “sides” involved could be changed or expanded (and it IS admittedly a generalization for the purposes of analogy):

    Conservatives think we should just smoke cigarettes (capitalism) as they are. No filter. Puts hair on your chest. Using those filters make you a sissy.

    Liberals, OTOH, think it makes sense to put filters on the cigarette to reduce its harmful effects.

    We anticapitalists look at both those views and marvel. Um, folks, how about you stop smoking the cigarettes, period? We all know they (capitalism) causes cancer — with or without those filters. Don’t smoke ’em and you don’t have to worry about that.

    #64156
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Great song and video, ZN.

    That’s a very young Stephen Stills singing. Just 21. Gurley’s age as a rookie. Stills had a much better sophomore season.

    #64159
    zn
    Moderator

    We all know they (capitalism) causes cancer

    Well, you misread me plus I probably wasn’t clear. What I quote right there is what I am describing as you drawing a very particular conclusion that, in fact, is a belief.

    No I don’t believe that capitalism is or always will be one thing or that it’s demise is necessary–not in any rational, logical way.

    But where I part company is not the ideas about capitalism. It’s the idea that we arrive at what humans should and will be and ought to be, to thrive, simply with politically oriented beliefs based on reason and the imagining of very particular utopias. I don’t buy into or commit to anything like that, right or left. I don’t believe in rational deductions about political, utopian, social goals—as in this must be this, so we must do that. I distrust those, always.

    So know I don’t believe in rationally arriving at “solutions to capitalism” and tend to always tune that stuff out. I think history has more surprises than rationally understandable directions. I don’t think the human mind is capable of understanding those processes well enough to actually try and guide them with specific goals.

    I don’t have goals like that (and am always at a distance from those). I have principles. I don’t care what emerges if the principles are realized. And there are probably many many ways to do that. Some that aren’t even visible yet.

    Plus I also don’t believe in arguing about it. I just believe in putting in 2 cents in informal polls on things like this and then letting it all splash around in the pool.

    So like I said I stand up for principles. That’s where I operate. The rest is me saying some constantly changing version of “yeah well the jacobins thought they could change human beings with rational deductions about society and the economy and of course…they were wrong.”

    And like I said this is alliance politics, so the fact that we see these things differently doesn’t (and shouldn’t) mean anything. It’s the alliance that’s meaningful.

    That’s all. It’s not a critique. It’s just a different voite.

    .

    #64167
    Billy_T
    Participant

    We all know they (capitalism) causes cancer

    Well, you misread me plus I probably wasn’t clear. What I quote right there is what I am describing as you drawing a very particular conclusion that, in fact, is a belief.

    No I don’t believe that capitalism is or always will be one thing or that it’s demise is necessary–not in any rational, logical way.

    But where I part company is not the ideas about capitalism. It’s the idea that we arrive at what humans should and will be and ought to be, to thrive, simply with politically oriented beliefs based on reason and the imagining of very particular utopias. I don’t buy into or commit to anything like that, right or left. I don’t believe in rational deductions about political, utopian, social goals—as in this must be this, so we must do that. I distrust those, always.

    So know I don’t believe in rationally arriving at “solutions to capitalism” and tend to always tune that stuff out. I think history has more surprises than rationally understandable directions. I don’t think the human mind is capable of understanding those processes well enough to actually try and guide them with specific goals.

    I don’t have goals like that (and am always at a distance from those). I have principles. I don’t care what emerges if the principles are realized. And there are probably many many ways to do that. Some that aren’t even visible yet.

    Plus I also don’t believe in arguing about it. I just believe in putting in 2 cents in informal polls on things like this and then letting it all splash around in the pool.

    So like I said I stand up for principles. That’s where I operate. The rest is me saying some constantly changing version of “yeah well the jacobins thought they could change human beings with rational deductions about society and the economy and of course…they were wrong.”

    And like I said this is alliance politics, so the fact that we see these things differently doesn’t (and shouldn’t) mean anything. It’s the alliance that’s meaningful.

    That’s all. It’s not a critique. It’s just a different voite.

    .

    ZN,

    Just a suggestion. I understand your take on what you believe is every anticapitalist’s argument. But when you admit that you tune it out before hand — and your response to my posts show you did — then please don’t continue on with a paraphrase of that argument, or set up a (false) opposition between you and anticapitalists. Once you tune things out, you’ve lost the ability know what comes next. It makes no sense to assume you do know.

    (To keep the post shorter, will continue this in the next one).

    #64168
    Billy_T
    Participant

    For instance, you make it sound like you stick to principles, and I — and other anticapitalists — don’t. That our arguments — and they’re diverse as well — are always already about utopian dreams and historical necessity.

    That’s not what I read when I read anticapitalist analyses, and it’s not what I believe as one of them. In fact, principles are why I became an anticapitalist in the first place. It’s always been a principled stand for me against inequality, social injustice, slavery, poverty, hunger, famine, oppression, colonialism, exploitation, pollution, etc. It’s always been a principled stand for me in favor of equality, social justice, fairness, fair trade, personal and cultural autonomy, access and opportunity for all and democracy.

    That last one? Capitalism, in every guise we’ve seen to date, from its agrarian beginnings in 17th century England until today, has always been anti-democratic. It’s structured that way, from the micro to the macro. If it were democratic in nature, it couldn’t be “capitalism,” by definition. It would be something else.

    (Again, to keep things shorter . . .)

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 8 months ago by Billy_T.
    #64170
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Please read the two books I’ve mentioned here before:

    The Origins of Capitalism, by Ellen Meiksins Wood

    The Invention of Capitalism, by Michael Perelman.

    Follow that up with The Making of Global Capitalism, by Sam Gindin and Leo Panitch.

    And for a great intro about alternatives, read Communal Luxury, by Kristin Ross, about the Paris Commune of 1871 and the visionaries behind it.

    #64171
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Capitalism is M-C-M plus exchange value, where M equals money, C equals commodity. It’s the capitalist buying labor (as a commodity), to produce commodities for money. He or she then appropriates all surplus value generated by the workforce for the capitalist, and they alone get to decide how much the workers receive for their labor time, most of which is unpaid . . . or the capitalist can never accrue great fortunes, or pay stock dividends.

    As in, “exploitation.”

    There is no democracy in that arrangement. There are bosses and servants. If the servants want to keep their jobs, they will obey their bosses.

    In America, we have 7 million companies operating under this legalized theft, and that radically multiples the social arrangements of master and servant. From the micro to the macro.

    As mentioned before, if you are a sole proprietor, and you do all the work yourself, you’re not a capitalist. You work within capitalist structures and competitive laws of motion, but you’re not a capitalist. And those laws of motion, over time, have made it harder and harder — in most cases, impossible — for those sole proprietors to exist. In America, about the only sector they can do that is in “service.” The competitive laws of motion, going back to the beginnings of capitalism, forced small farmers, artisans, small family producers, out of business and into the new factories (primitive accumulation). And that’s the main reason why people fled from “The old country” to America, seeking new opportunities. Because British capitalism, along with its colonial outposts, including the breakaway American colony, made it next to impossible to compete. Factories, the division of labor on overdrive, wiped out the little guy working on his own.

    The first two books I mention do a wonderful job breaking this down . . .

    #64172
    Billy_T
    Participant

    But, back to neoliberalism for a second. In capitalism’s one and only middle class boom, here and in Europe, especially (roughly 1947-1973), Keynesian economics was the basic consensus. Capitalism was highly regulated. Taxes were very high on the wealthy. “Redistributionist” policies were the norm. But even at its height, during its best period in history, modified capitalism left most minorities in the dirt, plus most women, and America and the West screwed over the Third World to keep it all afloat.

    In short, there is no historical period within Capitalism, under any name, where more than the richest 20% of the global population had decent pay or a chance. We in the West tend to have a false take on that Golden Era, especially if we are white, middle class, professional or rich. We tend to forget about how capitalism functions, and that it can’t — it’s impossible mathematically and logically — to both concentrate capital at the top, AND allocate resources, income, wealth, access and opportunity to everyone.

    It doesn’t work. It’s never worked. And that’s math. You can’t simultaneously concentrate most income, wealth and power and spread it out to the masses. It’s one or the other, by definition.

    Right now, just eight humans have as much wealth as the bottom half of the world combined. But even in the best of (capitalist) times that number was always very small. And even in the best of times, post-WWII, the richest 20% of the world consumed 85% of all its resources.

    Our being in that 20% blinds the vast majority of us about the actual effects of the capitalist system — again, historically, through all of its guises.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 8 months ago by Billy_T.
    #64176
    zn
    Moderator

    BT, that’s 4 posts on what I said was a “vote” meaning there can’t be wrong and right, just statements of beliefs. I don’t have time to read 4 posts intelligently until probably Weds.

    I can just spontaneously express myself without the deeper engagement that comes from reading.

    I am approaching this differently than you. (Also I didn’t say I tuned out anti-capitalist arguments–I said I tuned out all arguments that try to rationally calculate some kind of utopia, which of course includes moving on from some kind of “bad situation.” I tune them all out. Why? I absolutely do not believe they are anything BUT beliefs. I don’t believe in their presumed rationality.) (Plus of course I don’t count capitalism as being a late-comer. The UK was an agrarian capitalist nation in the 18th century, and industries did exist such as ship building, and then there were things like the East India Company and so on. So we also see history differently. I see different versions of capitalism rising from at least the 14th century onward. I assume there will be different versions in the future and I also assume that there are different versions globally, for example the Scandinavian versions).

    So remember how I see this—this is alliance politics with different people saying where they are coming from (which is what I did). IN that approach there is no “debate” about who is “right.” There’s only different votes.

    I can read all this on Weds. (early in the week is always bad for me, in terms of engaging intelligently in extended discussion. Sometimes on Mon/Tues I can’t even tend to the board in normal ways, let alone engage in extended discussion).

    But I won’t change. I will vote as I vote, and honor the differences between us. That will be the “we see it differently but have an alliance” approach. I arrived where I am over decades.

    Till Weds then.

    #64178
    Billy_T
    Participant

    BT, that’s 4 posts on what I said was a “vote” meaning there can’t be wrong and right, just statements of beliefs. I don’t have time to read 4 posts intelligently until probably Weds.

    I can just spontaneously express myself without the deeper engagement that comes from reading.

    I am approaching this differently than you. (Also I didn’t say I tuned out anti-capitalist arguments–I said I tuned out all arguments that try to rationally calculate some kind of utopia, which of course includes moving on from some kind of “bad situation.” I tune them all out. Why? I absolutely do not believe they are anything BUT beliefs. I don’t believe in their presumed rationality.) (Plus of course I don’t count capitalism as being a late-comer. The UK was an agrarian capitalist nation in the 18th century, and industries did exist such as ship building, and then there were things like the East India Company and so on. So we also see history differently. I see different versions of capitalism rising from at least the 14th century onward. I assume there will be different versions in the future and I also assume that there are different versions globally, for example the Scandinavian versions).

    So remember how I see this—this is alliance politics with different people saying where they are coming from (which is what I did). IN that approach there is no “debate” about who is “right.” There’s only different votes.

    I can read all this on Weds. (early in the week is always bad for me, in terms of engaging intelligently in extended discussion. Sometimes on Mon/Tues I can’t even tend to the board in normal ways, let alone engage in extended discussion).

    But I won’t change. I will vote as I vote, and honor the differences between us. That will be the “we see it differently but have an alliance” approach. I arrived where I am over decades.

    Till Weds then.

    Sounds good, ZN. Looking forward to that. And I apologize to the board for the many posts. But it’s a complicated subject, and spawns so much misunderstanding, I thought it was a necessary start.

    Also, I think because you didn’t read most of what I’ve written on the subject, you missed my own replay of the history, which I’ve learned through reading books like the ones I listed. When I say “latecomer,” I’m talking in relative terms. The histories I’ve read place the beginnings of agrarian capitalism in Britain in the late 17th century, but show that even there, capitalism wasn’t dominant until much later, after the Industrial Revolution in fact. And that continental Europe was largely immune to its attempts to unify all previously independent, local markets, but British colonies succumbed sooner — Ireland and India, especially. The USA, again, wasn’t a majority capitalist nation until after the Civil War. It was “pre-capitalist” until then, with most people working for themselves, as small farmers, artisans and the like. We had a C-M-C and use-value economy, primarily, not a M-C-M and exchange-value system.

    Also, when you do finally get around to reading these posts, I think you’ll discover again that your fears of “utopian dreams” is misplaced. That’s never been my angle, or the angle of anticapitalists I read and admire.

    In fact, I think the real “utopian dream” is the one that says we can make capitalism work for everyone, if we just tinker with it in the right way. There is no evidence that this has ever worked, and no logic behind this belief. And it is a “belief,” ZN — just like the one you say I hold.

    Looking forward to your responses.

    • This reply was modified 7 years, 8 months ago by Billy_T.
    #64183
    zn
    Moderator

    Looking forward to your responses.

    There may not be one.

    I really don’t look forward to detailed debating with leftists over nuances of different visions. To me it just feels tiring. Plus it has the empty, arguing over theology feel to it (that’s an analogy).

    I am all in on this approach–put in your vote, we differ, now on with being an an alliance.

    Alliances of course include my sort of impatience with in-group leftist concept wrangling. That’s after years and years of doing it.

    So probably what will happen is that I will just say “live with our differences” instead of acting like there’s a right or wrong view.

    Oh and I don’t have “fears” of anything having to do with this. I have flat-out rejections. That has nothing to do with “fear.”

    Fair enough?

    ..

    #64184
    Billy_T
    Participant

    Looking forward to your responses.

    There may not be one.

    I really don’t look forward to detailed debating with leftists over nuances of different visions. To me it just feels tiring. Plus it has the empty, arguing over theology feel to it (that’s an analogy).

    I am all in on this approach–put in your vote, we differ, now on with being an an alliance.

    Alliances of course include my sort of impatience with in-group leftist concept wrangling. That’s after years and years of doing it.

    So probably what will happen is that I will just say “live with our differences” instead of acting like there’s a right or wrong view.

    Oh and I don’t have “fears” of anything having to do with this. I have flat-out rejections. That has nothing to do with “fear.”

    Fair enough?

    ..

    If that’s your choice, so be it. But the problem with your take is you don’t even know what our differences are. You’ve tuned out (before hand) what I’ve said and have fallen back on your own memory of what some anticapitalists have said, in your view.

    And that covers the “rejection” part as well. How can you reject what you haven’t even read?

    It’s like saying you won’t see a new movie because someone, long ago, said something you didn’t like about the director. Or, because someone, long ago, said something good about that director, and you just never agree with them on anything.

    This is me, ZN. I’m not those people from your past, or your present in Maine, for that matter. And, again, I became an anticapitalist because of my principles, as mentioned.

    Anyway . . . do what you must. I think we’ll all survive whatever happens.

    ;>)

    #64185
    zn
    Moderator

    You’ve tuned out (before hand) what I’ve said and have fallen back on your own memory of what some anticapitalists have said,

    No. None of that is accurate. That is not what I said or think. This is an odd conversation because you keep telling me I misread you but in the process are just piling on misreadings yourself. So what’s happening is that the very complications I am trying to avoid keep multiplying. It’s like the Disney sorcerer’s apprentice scene from Fantasia. (That is said with humor.)

    I can’t talk now. Therefore trying to correct corrections of corrections feels extra busyish at the moment. It’s a timing thing. (That was said in a rushed but smiling good naturedly way.)

    #64188
    Billy_T
    Participant

    You’ve tuned out (before hand) what I’ve said and have fallen back on your own memory of what some anticapitalists have said,

    No. None of that is accurate. That is not what I said or think. This is an odd conversation because you keep telling me I misread you but in the process are just piling on misreadings yourself. So what’s happening is that the very complications I am trying to avoid keep multiplying. It’s like the Disney sorcerer’s apprentice scene from Fantasia. (That is said with humor.)

    I can’t talk now. Therefore trying to correct corrections of corrections feels extra busyish at the moment. It’s a timing thing. (That was said in a rushed but smiling good naturedly way.)

    ZN, no worries. Respond when or if you get a chance. Or don’t. It’s okay. But, yes, it’s empirically the case that your paraphrase of what you took to be my stance was wrong. But you can’t know that because you said you haven’t and won’t read my stance.

    I bolded the parts where this happened. Two examples? You said we differ greatly about the dates for the origins of capitalism. Not really. At least not in the main. Though I don’t see it going back as far as the 14th century. I did say, however, that it first emerged in Britain in the 17th century, in its agrarian form. It wasn’t dominant there until after the Industrial Revolution, or here until after the Civil War, and I showed why.

    Also, you keep insisting that the anticapitalist view is “utopian” and overly dependent upon historical inevitability, and the attempt at “rational” deductions in service of that utopia. I keep saying that’s not the case — not from my readings, and it’s not my own stance.

    This is a case of recognizing what is unique and unprecedented about the capitalist system, its history, and noting the mathematical and logical impossibility of it ever working for more than a small percentage of the population. No “version” of it has ever done more than that. In its best days, historically — 1947-1973 — it still couldn’t allocate resources within light years of fairness, need, justice, equality and so on. That’s baked in to the pie. That’s math. You simply can’t have a system that concentrates wealth, access, power, control at the top, and still provide adequately for everyone else. It’s mathematically impossible.

    These things can’t exist in two places at the same time. If the top hoards them, the bottom and the middle can’t have them.

    Math.

    It’s got nothing to do with the “rational” leading to some kind of hell on earth, from over-determining these things. Capitalism itself has already gotten us there, and the real “utopian project” is, in my view, the one that says we just need to tweak it, reform it, tinker with it, and all will be well.

    Again, there’s no evidence that this has or can work, for the reasons I list above.

    Anyway . . . respond if you want, when you get the time. No obligation here to carry this forward.

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